Кишкова мікробіота і метаболічно- асоційована стеатотична хвороба печінки: сучасне розуміння проблеми. Огляд літератури
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30978/MG-2024-3-39Ключові слова:
кишкова мікробіота, метаболічно‑асоційована стеатотична хвороба печінки, мікобіом, мітохондрії, коротколанцюгові жирні кислоти, жовчні кислотиАнотація
Перехресна взаємодія мікроорганізмів, мікробних продуктів та кишкового бар’єра є складовими осі кишечник — печінка, оскільки печінка і кишечник мають тісний взаємозв’язок. У пацієнтів із метаболічно‑асоційованою стеатотичною хворобою печінки (МАСХП) спостерігаються значні характерні зміни в кишковому мікробіомі, зокрема збільшення кількості грамнегативних бактерій, що спричиняє формування прозапального статусу (насамперед за рахунок ендотоксинів) та порушення метаболічних процесів, тоді як збільшення кількості Bacteroides і Ruminococcus та зменшення кількості Prevotella асоціюється з тяжкими стадіями фіброзу печінки. Кишкова мікробіота модулює пул жовчних кислот, впливаючи на метаболічний гомеостаз і прозапальні процеси. Дисбіоз, пов’язаний із МАСХП, характеризується надлишком бактерій‑продуцентів вторинних жовчних кислот, які є одним із чинників прогресування метаболічно‑асоційованого стеатогепатиту. Крім того, дисбіоз призводить до підвищеного вироблення коротколанцюгових жирних кислот, що спричинює глюконеогенез, синтез і накопичення токсичних ліпідів у печінці та, відповідно, розвиток і прогресування МАСХП. Однак порушення функції печінки, пов’язані з дисбіозом, асоціюються не лише з кишковими бактеріями, а й із грибами та вірусами. За результатами останніх досліджень, МАСХП асоціюється зі значним різноманіттям мікробіому та має відмінності при прогресуванні захворювання залежно від ступеня запалення печінки та стадії фіброзу. Хронічна гіперпродукція ендогенного етанолу (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia, Candida тощо) є важливим чинником патогенезу MAСХП, оскільки порушує метаболізм глюкози та ліпідів, що призводить до формування стеатозу печінки та стеатогепатиту. Ультраструктурні й функціональні зміни мітохондрій є визнаними детермінантами в патогенезі MAСХП. Мітохондрії та кишкова мікробіота мають двонаправлений зв’язок: мікробіота постачає метаболіти для мітохондріального метаболізму та окисно‑відновного гомеостазу, а розвиток дисбіозу спричинює окисний стрес та прозапальний статус — ключові чинники розвитку метаболічно‑асоційованого стеатогепатиту. Мітохондрії можуть модулювати мікрофлору кишечника за рахунок впливу на проникність кишкового бар’єра. Наведені у статті дані розширюють знання про взаємодію печінки та кишечника й сприятимуть розробці нових перспективних терапевтичних підходів до лікування МАСХП, що передбачають синергетичний вплив на кишкову мікробіоту, мікробіом, віріом та функцію мітохондрій.
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