Внесок гормональних порушень у патогенез метаболічно-асоційованої стеатотичної хвороби печінки. Огляд

Автор(и)

  • Г. Д. Фадєєнко ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків, Україна https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-6541
  • О. Є. Гріднєв ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків, Україна https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4716-3520
  • О. О. Буряковська ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків, Україна https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-3426

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30978/MG-2024-2-26

Ключові слова:

метаболічно‑асоційований стеатогепатит, метаболічно‑асоційована стеатотична хвороба печінки, глюкагоноподібний пептид, глюкагон, андрогени

Анотація

Проаналізовано внесок гормонів у патогенетичні механізми метаболічно‑асоційованої стеатотичної хвороби печінки (МАСХП). Роль гормонів жирової тканини в розвитку метаболічних порушень і системних запальних реакцій доведена та добре вивчена. З прогресуванням метаболічно‑асоційованого стеатогепатиту (МАСГ) рівень лептину підвищується, а адипонектину та оментину знижується, що асоціюється з прозапальним і профібротичним станом печінки та порушенням обміну глюкози. Печінка також вироб­ляє гормоноподібні протеїни — гепатокіни, які активно впливають на позапечінкову регуляцію метаболізму, а саме сприяють розвитку інсулінорезистентності та дисліпідемії. Одними з найперспективніших для лікування МАСХП/МАСГ вважають препарати, які діють на ендокринологічну складову патогенезу цих захворювань. Лише піоглітазон і агоністи рецепторів глюкагоноподібного пептиду (ГПП)‑1 є антигіперглікемічними препаратами, що мають докази ефективності та безпечності щодо їхнього застосування при МАСГ. Використання агоністів ГПП‑1 знижує споживання їжі, масу тіла, поліпшує контроль рівня глюкози в пацієнтів із MAСГ, зменшує стеатоз, резистентність до інсуліну і ступінь запалення в печінці. Є дані, що свідчать про перспективність застосування подвійних агоністів ГПП‑1/глюкагону та ГПП‑1 і глюкозозалежного інсулінотропного пептиду для лікування МАСХП/МАСГ. За попередніми даними, такі комбінації сприяли зниженню стеатозу та поліпшенню показників фіброзу печінки, але необхідні додаткові докази зміни гістологічних характеристик печінки. Ще однією групою гормонів, яка має важливе значення в патогенезі МАСХП, є гормони надниркових залоз (альдостерон, кортизол, андрогени), оскільки вони беруть активну участь у регуляції реакції на стрес та ліполізу. У цьому аспекті варті уваги андрогени, оскільки, по‑перше, як їхній дефіцит, так і надлишок, спричинять розвиток печінкового стеатозу, ожиріння, резистентності до інсуліну та інших ознак метаболічного синдрому, по‑друге, їхній дефіцит призведе до розвитку саркопенії, що є дуже важливим в аспекті МАСХП. Брак естрогенів у жінок також спричиняє стеатоз печінки, резистентність до інсуліну, дисліпідемію, ожиріння. Одним із чинників, які впливають на розвиток стеатозу печінки, може бути гормон росту: зниження його рівня призводить до внутрішньопечінкового накопичення жиру, що підвищує ризик розвитку МАСХП. У виникненні МАСХП можуть брати участь також гормони щитоподібної залози. Тяжкість гіпотиреозу прямо пропорційно корелює з тяжкістю МАСХП, а рівень тиреотропного гормона та вільного тироксину має асоціацію з фіброзом печінки.

 

Біографії авторів

Г. Д. Фадєєнко, ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків

чл.-кор. НАМН України, д. мед. н., проф., зав. відділу вивчення захворювань органів травлення і їхньої коморбідності з неінфекційними захворюваннями

О. Є. Гріднєв, ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків

д. мед. н., вчений секретар, ст. наук. співр., пров. наук. співр. відділу вивчення захворювань органів травлення і їхньої коморбідності з неінфекційними захворюваннями

О. О. Буряковська, ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків

доктор філософії за спеціальністю «Медицина» (PhD), наук. співр. відділу вивчення захворювань органів травлення та їхньої коморбідності з неінфекційними захворюваннями

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