Роль кишкового мікробіому та метаболому в потенціюванні порушень метаболічного здоров’я. Огляд

Автор(и)

  • Г. Д. Фадєєнко ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків, Україна http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-6541
  • О. Є. Гріднєв ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків, Україна http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4716-3520

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30978/MG-2026-2-61

Ключові слова:

метаболічно-асоційовані захворювання, кишкова мікробіота, кишковий метаболом

Анотація

У статті наведено дані щодо особливостей змін кишкового мікробіому та метаболому при найпоширеніших метаболічно-асоційованих захворюваннях. Звернуто увагу на важливу роль печінки, як першого органа, що контактує з кров’ю з мезентеріального відтоку з кишечника, яка, окрім поживних речовин, може містити токсини та інші патогенні складові. Зазначено, що мікробна транслокація з кишечника призводить до розвитку запальних процесів у жировій тканині. Наведено дані щодо ролі змін у кишковому мікробіомі та віріомі при метаболічно-асоційованій патології. Висвітлено значення активності метаболітів кишкової мікробіоти в розвитку серцевої недостатності, порушеннях метаболізму глюкози і ліпідів тощо. Із метаболітів особливу увагу приділено триметіламіноксиду, фенілацетилглутаміну та коротколанцюговим жирним кислотам. Наведено дані щодо інших сигнальних шляхів взаємодії кишкового мікробіому та організму людини, а саме біоактивних молекул — позаклітинних бактеріальних везикул. Ці везикули можуть долати біологічні бар’єри в організмі господаря (кишковий, ендотеліальний тощо), навіть якщо в них не порушена проникність, та накопичуватися у внутрішніх органах. Також приділено увагу проблемі впливу мікропластику, який може потрапляти в організм із «харчової» пластикової тари з водою та їжею, провокувати дисбіотичні зміни в кишковому мікробіомі й підвищувати проникність кишкового бар’єра, що призводить до розвитку метаболічно-асоційованих захворювань (ожиріння, метаболічно-асоційована стеатотична хвороба печінки тощо). Триває розробка новітніх методик впливу на кишковий мікробіом (трансплантація фекального віріому, фаготерапія та модифіковані позаклітинні везикули), поряд із дієтичними втручаннями й застосуванням «біотиків». Незважаючи на обмеженість застосування новітніх розробок модифікації кишкового мікробіому та наявність багатьох питань, на які поки що немає відповіді, їхнє подальше вивчення та застосування на людях є актуальним і багатообіцяючим у лікуванні найпоширеніших метаболічно-асоційованих захворювань (ожиріння, цукровий діабет 2 типу, артеріальна гіпертензія тощо).

 

Біографії авторів

Г. Д. Фадєєнко, ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків

чл.-кор. НАМН України, д. мед. н., проф., зав. відділу вивчення захворювань органів травлення і їхньої коморбідності з неінфекційними захворюваннями

О. Є. Гріднєв, ДУ «Національний інститут терапії імені Л. Т. Малої НАМН України», Харків

д. мед. н., вчений секретар, ст. наук. співр., пров. наук. співр. відділу вивчення захворювань органів травлення і їхньої коморбідності з неінфекційними захворюваннями

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